![]() ![]() Cardiac operations vary in their complexity, risk, and complication rates, and individualised mortality risk prediction models have been developed using large cardiac surgery registries, namely EuroSCORE and its update, EuroSCORE II ( Nashef 1999 Nashef 2012 Nilsson 2006). ![]() Surgery on the cardiac outflow tract (ascending aorta and aortic arch) is less commonly performed ( SCTS 20), and usually involves graft replacement or repair for aneurysm (dilation), dissection (a tear in the vessel wall), or infection ( Stamou 2015).Ĭardiac surgery can be elective, urgent, or emergency, and can be primary or revision surgery ( Chiu 2016 Goodwin 2003 Kurki 2003). Some valve procedures can be conducted percutaneously, for example a transcatheter aortic valve implant (TAVI), rather than with open surgery, which decreases the risk of bleeding and other complications ( Daubert 2017 Nishimura 2017). CABG and valve surgery may be conducted in a combined operation, if coronary artery and valvular disease coexist ( Bonow 2006). The aortic valve, followed by the mitral valve most commonly require surgery ( SCTS 2015). Cardiac valve repairs or replacements are the second most frequently performed cardiac operations ( SCTS 20). However, CABG remains the most frequently performed cardiac operation in adults ( SCTS 20). PCI has become more common since the late 1990s, now accounting for four in five CHD interventions ( Blumenfeld 2017 Ko 20). Depending on severity and anatomy of CHD, it is treated with medications, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) of one or more coronary arteries ( Chang 2016 Windecker 2014). Cardiovascular disease is common, causing approximately one‐third of deaths in people over the age of 35 years and is, therefore, the largest single contributor to global mortality ( Abubakar 20). Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a form of cardiovascular disease affecting the coronary arteries. Such disease may be acquired, age‐related (degenerative), inherited, or congenital (present at birth). Cardiac surgery treats disease of the coronary arteries, heart muscle, valves, surrounding membrane (pericardium), and great vessels flowing out from the heart (aorta). ![]()
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